Abstract

Seismic imaging of the thrust and fold belts (TFBs) poses unique challenges, demanding specialized workflows divergent from conventional land data processing. It requires an integrated approach to address near-surface complexities more precisely, enhance signal quality through iterative statics, and model structurally intricate subsurface features. In these regions, acquiring 3D seismic data is often unfeasible, making 2D seismic lines the primary tool for subsurface delineation. However, resolving misties between 2D lines remains a persistent challenge, frequently leading to inconsistencies in reflector alignment and uncertainty in interpretation. The present study provides a step-by-step analysis of processes used in near-surface characterization and time series analysis on a set of 2D lines from the TFB regime. The subsurface velocity analysis is performed in accordance with the established geological framework, incorporating the three-dimensional constraints within a novel hybrid velocity modelling workflow through a volume-based multi-line reflection tomography. Kirchhoff’s time imaging and common reflection angle depth migrations were performed for obtaining geologically reliable images. The above measures provided clarity in imaging for deciphering complex structures and seamless, interpretable horizons, efficiently reducing misties at the intersections.