Green hydrogen in India: A techno-economic and policy roadmap for decarbonization and energy transition

Abstract

India’s shift toward a sustainable energy future positions green hydrogen at the heart of its decarbonization strategy. Produced using renewable energy sources like solar and wind, green hydrogen offers a clean alternative for reducing emissions in hard-to-abate sectors. The launch of the National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM) in 2023 marks a significant step forward, aiming to produce 5 million tonnes of green hydrogen annually by 2030. This paper analyses the technoeconomic feasibility of green hydrogen in India, focusing on production costs, advancements in electrolyser technologies, and the evolving policy landscape. It evaluates the potential for green hydrogen integration in key sectors such as steel, transportation, and refining, i.e., industries where deep emission cuts are essential. Despite its promise, large-scale deployment of green hydrogen in India faces significant challenges, including high capital costs, limited infrastructure, and evolving technology readiness. The study emphasizes the role of government incentives, industry partnerships, and global collaborations in overcoming these barriers. India’s abundant renewable resources and strong policy backing offer a competitive advantage. Achieving cost parity with grey hydrogen is essential for large-scale adoption. The paper concludes with strategic recommendations to accelerate research and development (R&D), expand infrastructure, and establish regulatory frameworks to ensure green hydrogen’s long-term viability.